Testicular surgery encompasses various procedures aimed at addressing medical conditions affecting the testicles. 

1. Orchiectomy: This surgery involves the removal of one or both testicles and is often performed for conditions such as testicular cancer, severe infections, or trauma.

2. Testicular Biopsy: Conducted to investigate infertility or diagnose testicular conditions, a biopsy entails the removal of a small tissue sample from the testicle for examination.

3. Hydrocele and Varicocele Repair: Surgical procedures are employed to address conditions like hydroceles (fluid-filled sacs causing swelling) and varicoceles (enlarged veins affecting fertility), promoting relief and improved reproductive health.

4. Testicular Prosthesis Implantation: After an orchiectomy, a prosthetic testicle may be implanted for cosmetic reasons, offering a sense of normalcy for patients.